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environmental manager
Environmental managers are involved in processes that ''seek to'' control some environmental entities in orientation to a plan or idea. Whether such control is possible, however, is contested. Examples for environmental managers range from corporate agents (corporate environmental managers) via managers of a nature reserve, to environmental and resource planning agents but, analytically seen, also involve indigenous environmental managers, farmers〔M. Kaljonen. Co-construction of agency and environmental management. the case of agri-environmental policy implementation at finnish farms. Journal of Rural Studies, 22(2):205 – 216, 2006.〕 or environmental activists. In many accounts, hope is held that environmental managers implement grand plans or political programmes. For example, specific schools of thought like ecological modernisation but also widespread conceptions of environmental management and environmental activism presuppose human agents who have ideas, make plans and engage in action oriented at the plans' implementation.〔Lippert, I. 2010, "(Agents of Ecological Modernisation )", Lübeck, DAV, ISBN 978-3-86247-062-4.〕 At the heart of the notion of environmental managers is, thus, a pragmatic〔P. Prasad and M. Elmes. In the name of the practical: Unearthing the hegemony of pragmatics in the discourse of environmental management. Journal of Management Studies, 42(4):845–867, 2005.〕 and rational actor who optimises environments in orientation to some aim. Critical academics point out that the very idea that such managers exist and are imagined as capable of managing may well be flawed.〔D. Levy. Environmental Management as Political Sustainability. Organization & Environment, 10(2):126–147, 1997.
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== Corporate environmental managers ==
Steve Fineman studied UK managers and their "'green' selves and roles" in the last decade, suggesting that while environmental problems may be recognised by them, production is seen as legitimising pollution.〔S. Fineman. Constructing the green manager. British Journal of Management, 8:31–38, 1997.〕 Optimistic accounts see managers as stewards of environmental ethics.〔W. Brown and N. Karagozoglu. Current practices in environmental management. Business Horizons, 41(4):12–18, Jul.-Aug. 1998.〕 Literature differentiates different styles by managers to engage with the environment.〔
N. Gunningham, R. Kagan, and D. Thornton. Shades of green: business, regulation, and environment. Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2003.〕 Critics suggest that corporate environmental managers are systematically positioned in a contradictory situation in which they are supposed to be committed to competing normative orientations (e.g. profits versus environmental protection measures which do not pay off).〔I. Lippert. Disposed to unsustainability? ecological modernisation as a techno-science enterprise with conflicting normative orientations. In A. Bammé, G. Getzinger, and B. Wieser, editors, Yearbook 2009 of the Institute for Advanced Studies on Science, Technology and Society, pages 275–290. Profil, München, 2010.〕
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